What is "A priori" reasoning typically associated with?

"A priori" reasoning refers to knowledge or reasoning that is derived through logic and deduction rather than empirical evidence or observation. It involves conclusions that can be made based on philosophical interpretation or innate understanding. In this context, it aligns well with common-sense reasoning that does not rely on empirical evidence.

The other options do not accurately describe "A priori" reasoning. For example, empirical analysis of data is focused on observation and experiment, which stand in contrast to a priori reasoning. Similarly, strict adherence to statistical methods pertains to a more scientific approach grounded in data, while legally binding arguments based on statutes rely on concrete legal texts and precedents.